Name = Jung Soo Kim Essays - Russia, French Emperors,

name = Jung Soo Kim email = [emailprotected] distribute = yes subject = History title = Reasons on why Napoleon had lost the Campaign of 1812 papers = Please put your paper here. Napoleon's Reasons for Defeat The Campaign of 1812 ought to have been an another campaign for Napoleon, yet, he currently confronted 2 new arrangements that he had never confronted, the serious Russian winter and the infamous burned earth strategy. On June 23, 1812 Napoleon's Grande Armee, more than 500,000 men solid, poured over the Russian fringe. An equivalent measure of Russian powers anticipated them. The consequence of the crusade was a shock. Two creators, General carl von Clausewitz and Brett James, appear similitudes in reasons why Napoleon had lost this crusade to Russia. Napoleon accepted that after a couple of speedy triumphant fights, he could persuade Alexander to come back to the Continental System. He likewise concluded that in the event that he involved Moscow, the Russian government would fold and request harmony. A solitary blow conveyed at the core of the Russian Empire, at Moscow the Great, at Moscow the Holy, will in a split second put this entire visually impaired, emotionless mass at my kindness. pg 6, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia This was his conviction he communicated in March 1812. Be that as it may, when Napoleon in the end took over Moscow, the Tsar despite everything didn't give up. Napoleon, sent a message to the Tsar, requesting a prompt acquiescence. Be that as it may, the Tsar could not give up supposing that he did, he would be killed by the aristocrats. Clausewitz answers by saying, Napoleon couldn't get a handle on the way that Alexander would not, couldn't arrange. The Tsar knew well that he would be arranged and killed in the event that he attempted so. pg 256, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia General Clausewitz stated, Napoleon accepted in the event that he vanquished the Russian Army and involved Moscow, the Russian authority will self-destruct and the legislature would call for harmony. pg 253, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia Brett James likewise concurred that Napoleon's occupation had no outcome. The control of Napoleon in Moscow didn't have an impact on the administration. pg 13, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia With his fight plan set, Napoleon arranged his soldiers for the assault on Russia. In any case, Napoleon didn't consider the savage Russian winter which anticipated him. As per Ludwig Wilhelm Gottlob Schlosser, a passerby, he portrayed the military by saying, The French, down to the lowliest drummer were meticulous. These poor French demons were not happy with not as much as soup, meat and vegetables, cook, also, plate of mixed greens for their early afternoon feast, and there was no indication of their renowned thriftiness. They were totally without the coming winter. pg 13, 1812 Napoleon's Annihilation in Russia Napoleon was even cautioned by General Rapp about the furthest points of the approaching winter in Russia. The locals state we will have an extreme winter, Napoleon answered disdainfully, Bah! You and your locals! We will perceive how fine it is. pg 147, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia Napoleon ought to have noticed Rapp's words. As the Grand Armee walked toward Moscow, numerous ponies and men were lost in the freezing day off, for the individuals who remained, their spirit and adequacy was at the nadir. General Clausewitz expresses his point by saying, With more safety measure and better guidelines as to means, with progressively cautious thought of his walks, which would have forestalled the superfluous and gigantic gathering of masses on very much the same street, he would have safeguarded his military in a more successful condition. pg 255, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia Brett James additionally had a similar supposition, Napoleon seemed to have made no exertion to find the realities in Russia, or set up his soldiers for it. pg 140, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia As Napoleon and his military was advancing toward Moscow, they experienced typhus, colds, and loose bowels. Indeed, even the relentless Napoleon had gotten a gentle instance of seasonal influenza. In any case, his fighters had gotten the brunt of the assault. Commander Thomas-Joesph Aubry remembers this experience, After this the typhus made shocking advances in our positions. We were fourty-three officials in our ward. All of them kicked the bucket, consistently, and dazed from this terrifying ailment, a large portion of them singing, some in Latin, others in German, others again in Italian - and singing hymns, canticles, or the mass. pg 210, 1812 Napoleon's Defeat in Russia General Clausewitz composed, The awful water and the air-borne bugs caused looseness of the bowels, typhus, and the runs. pg 136, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia Brett James likewise composed, Bad water, terrible

Free Essays on Visual Arts Paper

Visual Arts Paper Fifth Avenue at Madison Square opened at The Columbus Museum of Art in 1931. It was a blessing to the exhibition hall from Ferdinand Howald. In spite of the fact that Ferdinand introduced this work of art as a blessing to the exhibition hall he wasn’t the craftsman who painted it. This image was painted by Theodore Robinson in 1894 two years before his demise. This painter just lived forty-four years from 1852 to 1896. Robinson was an American Impressionist who consumed the greater part of his time on earth abroad. He examined and prepared at different workmanship organizations between the United States and Europe. One of which was the point at which he visited Claude Monet at Giverny. He visited there quickly in 1887 and summered there much of the time till 1892. In spite of the fact that Robinson and Monet shared a warm kinship, Robinson protests being an understudy to Monet. A trait of Robinson was the he utilized photos as a primer report. This earned him signal distinctio ns for his own adjustment of impressionism. He earned this respect four years before his passing when he showed up back in the United States. Thomas Eakins was conceived in Philadelphia during 1844 and kicked the bucket in 1916 in the home where he was conceived. He didn’t get a lot of acknowledgment for his fine art till the last long stretches of his life. Thomas Eakins painted numerous photos however the one sick be examining is the painting called â€Å"The Wrestlers†. This work of art was done in 1899 as oil on canvas. This work of art also originated from a photo. Eakins got his motivation from concentrating abroad. Eakins didn’t have a lovely involvement with Europe and composed â€Å"If America is to deliver incredible painters, stay in America to peer further into the core of American life.† Though Eakins didn’t have a fruitful excursion in Europe he despite everything figured out how to turn into a very notable American painter. This artwork was bought by the gallery in 1970 by Derby Fund. The two artworks were painted oil on canvas. In the principal painting Fifth Avenue at Madison Square it ... Free Essays on Visual Arts Paper Free Essays on Visual Arts Paper Visual Arts Paper Fifth Avenue at Madison Square opened at The Columbus Museum of Art in 1931. It was a blessing to the historical center from Ferdinand Howald. In spite of the fact that Ferdinand introduced this composition as a blessing to the gallery he wasn’t the craftsman who painted it. This image was painted by Theodore Robinson in 1894 two years before his demise. This painter just lived forty-four years from 1852 to 1896. Robinson was an American Impressionist who consumed a large portion of his time on earth abroad. He contemplated and prepared at different workmanship organizations between the United States and Europe. One of which was the point at which he visited Claude Monet at Giverny. He visited there quickly in 1887 and summered there much of the time till 1892. In spite of the fact that Robinson and Monet shared a warm companionship, Robinson protests being an understudy to Monet. A trait of Robinson was the he utilized photos as a starter study. This earned him signal distinc tions for his own adjustment of impressionism. He earned this respect four years before his demise when he showed up back in the United States. Thomas Eakins was conceived in Philadelphia during 1844 and kicked the bucket in 1916 in the home wherein he was conceived. He didn’t get a lot of acknowledgment for his work of art till the last long stretches of his life. Thomas Eakins painted numerous photos yet the one sick be talking about is the painting called â€Å"The Wrestlers†. This artwork was done in 1899 as oil on canvas. This artistic creation also originated from a photo. Eakins got his motivation from concentrating abroad. Eakins didn’t have a lovely involvement with Europe and composed â€Å"If America is to create extraordinary painters, stay in America to peer further into the core of American life.† Though Eakins didn’t have an effective excursion in Europe he despite everything figured out how to turn into a very notable American painter. This work of art was bought by the exhibition hall in 1970 by Derby Fund. The two compositions were painted oil on canvas. In the principal painting Fifth Avenue at Madison Square it ...

The Death of Supply Chain Management

The Death of Supply Chain Management Instead of limiting their focus to their immediate suppliers, distributors, and customers, companies are examining the whole supply chain.It links raw material, components, and manufactured products, and also shows how they are moved toward the final consumers.Companies are looking at their suppliers’ suppliers upstream, and at their distributors’ customers downstream.Even the term supply chain can be criticized for taking a make-and-sell view of the business.It suggests that raw materials, productive inputs and factory capacity should be the starting point for market planning.A better term would be the demand chain since it suggests a “sense-end-respond” view of the market.The planning starts with considering the customer segment with certain needs, to which the company responds by organizing resources.Experts are even saying that a supply chain or demand chain view of a business is still too limited because it takes a linear or vertical view of purchaseâ€"production-consump tion activities.With the arrival of the internet, companies are forming more numerous and complex relationships with other firms.For example, Ford not only manages numerous supply chains but also sponsors or transacts on many B2B websites and exchanges as needs arise.Ford also formed a buying alliance with General Motors GM and DaimlerChrysler to obtain lover prices by aggregating orders for common requirements from auto parts suppliers.Companies recently are engaged in building and managing a continuously evolving value network.What are the trends in channel dynamics today?SUPPLY CHAIN Source: https://blogs.oracle.com/The supply chain is one of the most important company’s entities.Main goals of the supply chain, at any level, are connecting processes within products/services, and to absorb the differences between a stable supply and consumers’ needs.This allows suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and customers to interconnect. Synchronization along the supply chain should optimize efficiency throughout the chain.It’s a system that connects technology, processes, customers, suppliers, workers, machines, culture, metrics, risk factors, networks and facilities. Interaction of these elements dictates the quality of end results yielded as final services and products.The concept of supply management is facing strong challenges from technologies in progress, cultural and leadership shifts and also shifts in client requirements.Supply chain leaders must follow ecological, economic, political, industrial and socio-demographic trends.They should be able to determi ne if trends are negative, positive or stagnant and show the ability to respond to all of them.Along with these skills, leaders must deploy prioritized and effective strategies in response to the trends mentioned above, and efficient risk management strategies when required.But its confirmed that the supply chain meets significant threats such as needless transportation of people, information or materials, way too small inventory causing a lower sale or too large inventory waiting for materials and equipment. And these are not the only ones.Such problems can cause delays since the delivery may get late when waiting for information, materials, instructions, inspection and similar.Delays create huge cost drivers and waste of resources.This shortlist shows what companies shouldn’t do if they want to pursue and reach their goals:Producing more than necessaryProducing services and goods which don’t really meet the clients specificationTouching products too many timesUnauthorized usag e of human resources…Many people noticed that, in modern supply chain management, the inability of a business to respond fast to customer taste shifts became very common.Allegedly, a solution lies in re-engineering supply chains. That would lead to increased flexibility.Also, simplified product design, platforms, and product families are needed.“PUSH” AND “PULL” MODELSThere are two supply chain models â€" push and pull type, which is the opposites when it comes to demand and supply relationship.Commonly used “push” type is less effective and encourages wasting materials more than necessary. This model is based on making stocks and the production isn’t based on actual demand.On the contrary, the pull type represents production based on actual demand. It means that products are made to order so there is less waste in the process.This is considered to be a model of the future.As technology increases rapidly, the supply chain management is slowly converting from the trad itional first type to the modern pull type.It is based on the demand side like CRP (continuous replenishment program) and JIT (just in time).As a consequence, stocks are decreasing and products can get delivered faster.SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT (SCM)Supply chain management involves the coordination of all the supply activities of an organization, from its suppliers through the production of goods and services to delivery to customers.Supply chain management is a systematic approach to managing the input flow of materials, information and services from raw material suppliers through manufacturing and warehouses to the end customer.The purpose of supply chain management is to achieve integrated planning through supply chain activities.SCM involves planning and managing the flow of goods and services, information and money through the supply chain, starting from the supply of raw materials to the final products for clients.This is a continuous process that connects the procurement, produ ction and distribution activities of products from suppliers to customers.It enables regular supply, creating only the necessary stocks and eliminating the unnecessary ones.The production begins only when order is received.Efficient supply chain management is minimizing waste, cost and time in the production process.The supply chain meets the just-in-time standard where retail sales automatically signal replenishment orders to manufacturers.One way to further improve on this process is to analyze the data from supply chain partners to see where the next improvements can be made.To increase the value of the supply chain process, companies should be able to identify potential problems, optimize prices dynamically and improve the allocation of the inventory.Identifying potential problems: If a manufacturer has fewer products than then customer ordered, he can complain of bad service.Manufacturers could then, through data analyzing, anticipate the shortage right on time.Dynamic optimiza tion of price: Some products are seasonal, which means they can’t be used after the season ends or get sold at huge discounts.To meet demand, the prices of these products have to be slightly adjusted.Many companies are using this technique to improve sales.Improving the allocation of the inventory:To schedule work based on forecasts or allocate resources, managers use helpful analytical software tools.Since manufacturers are able to confirm a product/service delivery time when the order is placed, incorrectly-filled orders are reduced.SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT EVOLUTIONTraditional supply chain management consists of activities such as planning, sourcing, making, delivering, returning and enabling.To establish an efficient and effective supply chain, supply chain management plans and manages the resources needed to meet buyer demand.The next step involves communication with suppliers, from finding those who can provide materials for the product to authorizing supplier payments.All ot her steps are related to organizing, accepting material, packaging, delivering products, coordinating customer orders, returning defective or unwanted products, etc.Earlier supply chains were mainly focused on the problem of availability of physical products, their movement, and cost. The situation today is quite different.Regarding the period from the beginning of the 21st century, the supply chain’s main point of view is the management of data, services, and products turned into solutions.According to IBM experts, modern supply chain management is not only about where and when. “Supply chain management affects product and service quality, delivery, costs, the customer experience and ultimately, profitability.” they said.When we take a look at the 2017 supply chain database, 50 times more data has been accessed compared to the previous 5 years period, of which less than a quarter is being analyzed.Huge amounts of data generated by the chain process were refined by data scien tists and analysts.Future supply chain leaders and the ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems they manage will probably focus on optimizing the usefulness of this data â€" analyzing it in real-time with the least latency.DEATH OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTFor over a decade changes in supply chains are discussed, and many writers shared their views and opinions on the topic.There are different thoughts on how it would change in the future and how would these innovations affect companies’ flow.We found that some of them were highly against the automation, while others remained optimistic by supporting the advancement of technology.Andrew Salzman shared his view in his article from 2009. He explained why the traditional supply chain cannot survive in the new age. In his opinion, how companies deliver goods and services depends a lot on changes in global business.This is why companies have to keep track of the latest technologies and upgrades in supply chain management.SCM is facing a huge problem, which occurs when physical products reach purchasers very slow comparing to the demand pace.Customers are now able to make an order in just a few seconds, but the arrival time depends only on the vehicles and can be longer than expected.The other problem is that this model is adequate for tangible products rather than intangible ones, considering the speed of supply and demand.Such tangibility requires fresh information and feedback on a current state, mainly between globally connected manufacturers, sellers, and distributors.Different product and service qualities, organizations, time zones and many more make collaboration even harder.These days, companies must overcome problems in multi-enterprise demand-supply networks, coordinate supply chain management, and enterprise resource planning systems.It is absolutely necessary to understand how inappropriate is the current system when it comes to global connection and global outsourcing.Connecting data from multiple sy stems requires automation of some supply chain operations.To keep up the pace and support this dynamic demand-supply network needed today, companies should consider these requirements: B2B integration, business intelligence, exception and event management, and operations management, Salzman explains.Supply chain managers, planners, and decision-makers need real-time data from the market considering supply.But according to Jan Fransoo’s article, they spend too much time collecting information, which is sometimes useless since they’re found too late.“Typically they spend less than 25% (and a much lower number in manufacturing supply chains) on the decisional role: deciding on the plan, schedule, or replenishment.”The time spent on making decisions is minor compared to the other key features of the planning activities. This is caused by obsolete and limited technologies, which will soon be behind us.New digital technologies can overcome these problems by replacing the current s upply chain management with a self-regulating utility that requires very little human intervention and optimally manages workflows.Not only does it provide customers with cost-optimized convenience, but also the companies are able to improve workers’ safety by remotely controlling the whole supply chain.With a digital foundation, companies can easily access and analyze high-quality real-time data which fuels artificial intelligence, robotics and other technologies that will take over supply chain management.Some companies are already exploring these possibilities by applying such technologies on repetitive processes (for example purchasing, invoicing, parts of customer service).Leading retail companies already have professionals working in their control centers, where they can monitor the stock 24/7.Visual notifications are received when a problem occurs. Comparing to traditional supply chain management, data is fresh, accurate and easily accessible. The focus is on the customer.H owever, retail companies aren’t the only ones. Industrial companies also implement this concept.Complex manufacturing systems require customized tools for planning and prediction of the activities in a risky situation.These tools should help to overcome problems such as unexpected equipment breakdowns or missing parts of the system.Several international companies are upgrading their operations by adding central information and administration systems, along with centralized logistics operations for multiple global customers and countries.New technologies are also followed by Blockchains global platform, used to fasten up payments (virtual money).Another effective way for fast supply chain operations is e-commerce. What is e-commerce?People will do less transactional or repetitive tasks and focus more on information managing, analyzing and designing.Companies seek people who can analyze data and use digital tools or algorithms. Therefore, supply chain analysts are becoming the most wanted.It is now clear that the death of supply chain management is near.Companies and managers are working hard to upgrade their processes and skills in order to stay on top.Obviously, robotics and the newest technologies are replacing humans in some parts of supply chain management since they’re doing a job faster and better.However, there are those who don’t agree. People are still worried about how will these changes affect supply chain employees and is there some work for them to do. DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVESWhile some people accept changes that come with the new age, there are still those who highly disapprove and decide to stick with the traditional system.Some fear to lose their jobs since computers started replacing human workers in many areas.But does this crucial fight between people and computers has to end up with one side winning?In the future, human managing will probably be needed in some parts of supply chain management.Some of our skills can never be replaced by a rtificial intelligence and modern technology since there are plenty of things computers can’t do. These skills need to be upgraded.Companies still need people to monitor tasks and respond to issues.The demand for Supply chain high skilled professionals will only rise more and more. They will have more opportunities than ever before.Machines can’t negotiate supplier agreements and sign contracts, along with making decisions.They could only assist in order to shorten and speed up the process of data managing.Machines might get better at the tactics, but the strategy will perhaps remain human.The author of the Argentus article agrees by saying that supply chain management wont be dead. On the contrary, it will still exist but in a different form.Automation is present in many aspects of our lives, even the purchasing activities where it took over many jobs like those in warehouses and distribution centres, but not all. As mentioned above, humans cant be totally replaced.We need to a sk ourselves what is the cost of such technology and can we afford it.Are they bigger than the current labor costs?The answer is simple.Not only that the automation is lowering labor costs, but also allows working with huge databases and predicting risks.“This kind of visibility opens up huge opportunities, not only by lowering risk but also by letting companies become more strategic, he stated.In this new era, supply chain executives need more than ever great communication skills, judgment, and creativity. They seek greater value to share among the partners.That is the future of supply chain management, claims Chris Tyas, Senior vice president supply chain of Nestlé.In his opinion, the death of supply chain management suggests that technology like artificial intelligence will decrease the importance of supply chain management.Technology allows some simple tasks to be automated to reduce costs, but it cant innovate.Therefore, computers wont take us forward. Interpersonal skills a re needed since technology doesn’t work all on its own. Humans are necessary for this area.Tyas had also shown his optimistic approach to this modern time problem by saying that there are still big opportunities for supply chain managers.“People are needed to optimize the end-to-end supply chain and to optimize logistics as a whole. In general, we still make appalling use of vehicles, both inbound and outbound. Very few inbound vehicles are optimized for weight and cube and it becomes even worse when we go forward towards the consumer. How many different vans from different retailers deliver to different, or sometimes even the same customers in any one street? If we are going to keep logistics operating efficiently this has to change.” â€" he wrote.We can notice that supply chain managers focus mostly on cost rather than the overall profit. People often specialize in only one aspect to optimize what they can control.But this is not what we need. They should focus externally r each across the whole value chain if they want to optimize it from end to end.Tyas believes that this can only be done in a partnership where huge opportunities lie because we replace the chain with a network.This is the way the supply chain is expected to change very soon.SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORKWhy is a supply chain network so important for logistics and business managers?As previously mentioned, the supply chain network is an evolution of the traditional supply chain.It is evitable that modern companies can and should develop a supply chain into a more complex structure that involves a higher level of connectivity between organizations, constituting a supply chain network.Companies are becoming part of a larger network of organizations connected mostly by the supply chain.Nowadays, worldwide supply chain networks consist of these key areas: production centers, external suppliers, production centers, distribution centers, demand, and transport.This network includes different activitie s, people, entities, information, and resources.To build a supply chain network, companies take care of physical locations, transport vehicles, storage warehouses, logistics provider, retail stores, container ships, cargo planes and more.Strategically, a supply chain network can be designed to reduce the cost of a supply chain.Around 80% of supply chain network costs are determined by the location of facilities, along with the flow of products between them.To modify the basic supply chain, companies invest in tools and resources in order to develop an enhanced supply chain network design.That will help in reducing costs among companies. The supply chain network, as well as a traditional supply chain, is not static but continually improving and adapting the model.It must be able to deal with future uncertainties by doing risk analysis, using available information and researching of the future business environment.In order for a supply chain network to gain effectiveness and profitabi lity, all elements of the network should be coordinated. If one link breaks down, it can affect the rest of the chain and be costly to the company.

Risk Management And Management Plan - 977 Words

Risk management and need for a risk management plan. Risk is a threat of destruction, injury, liability loss or any other negative incident caused by external or internal environments. Risk is unpredicted and nobody can guess it might happen in the near future. All of the projects exist risk and the project manager is responsible to identify those risk, which is a part of risk management planning process. Risk management is the procedure of distinguishing risk and reduce risk level. The risk management methodology decides the actions, strategies, instruments, and group parts and obligations regarding a particular task. A good risk management suggests control of possible future destruction and precautions for that risk. The risk management plan represents how administration will be organized and performed on the venture. As a management procedure, risk management is utilized to identify and preserve a strategic distance from the potential cost, timetable, and implementation or specialized dangers to a framework, take a proactive and org anized way to deal with negative results. The risk management approach and arrangement operationalize these administration objectives. A risk management plan and a business are vital parts of the business coherence arrangement. By comprehension potential dangers to the business and discovering approaches to minimize their effects, this will help the business recuperate rapidly if an occurrence happens. 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The goal of a risk management plan is to then figure out how to mitigate those risks and vulnerabilities to lessen the impact on the business if ever one should arise. Creating a plan helps not only to identify any risks, but also helps to choose the best solutions available to mitigate those risks. If a risk management plan is not created and implemented, there

Essay on Montaignes Apology for Raymond Sebond - 1492 Words

Montaigne Montaigne in his Apology for Raymond Sebond begins his exploration into the human capacity for knowledge with this belief that only though God can one achieve true knowledge. God is the only infinite, all seeing, being with divine wisdom. He is not subject to the laws and rules of the human domain, and he exists in a realm outside of human comprehension. God is an unchanging, permanent being, and only from this state can the concept of truth propagate. Montaigne believes that the one tie that binds all truth is this idea of permanence. Montaigne even states, â€Å"Truth must be the same everywhere† (xxvi). He insists that the only product of humanity that has withstood the test of time and has not changed since its†¦show more content†¦Just think of what we considered the book of human knowledge today. No matter in what aspect of life one considers whether it be math, physics, biology, history, or computer science there is never really any truth. The book of knowledge is rewritten daily as new opinions enter the foray, and will never be as static or held as high as divine truth. Although we have established the fact the knowledge cannot exist from the human standpoint, it is this concept that all of mankind believes in most deeply. From a man’s perspective, it is our knowledge, which sets us apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. The fact that we can communicate to each other the knowledge of our thoughts and ideas is the dividing line between man and beast. However, Montaigne is in strict disagreement with this rational and believes the only the inese sense of vanity displayed by all humanity separates men from the rest of the animals. Montaigne flatly states that, â€Å"That of all vain things, Man is the most vain; that a man who dares to presume that he knows anything, does not even know what knowledge is† (Montaigne 13). He characterizes man as being the most vain of all his creatures because he clings to this notion of knowledge and that though this attainment of knowledge he perceives himself as enlightened. Montaigne then shows the absurdity of this claim by taking a hypothetical

Vampire Academy Chapter 21 Free Essays

string(43) " was nothing compared to what hit me next\." TWENTY-ONE I’D NEVER BEEN COMPLETELY NAKED around a guy before. It scared the hell out of me – even though it excited me, too. Lying on the covers, we clung to each other and kept kissing – and kissing and kissing and kissing. We will write a custom essay sample on Vampire Academy Chapter 21 or any similar topic only for you Order Now His hands and lips took possession of my body, and every touch was like fire on my skin. After yearning for him for so long, I could barely believe this was happening. And while the physical stuff felt great, I also just liked being close to him. I liked the way he looked at me, like I was the sexiest, most wonderful thing in the world. I liked the way he would say my name in Russian, murmured like a prayer: Roza, Roza†¦ And somewhere, somewhere in all of this, was that same urging voice that had driven me up to his room, a voice that didn’t sound like my own but that I was powerless to ignore. Stay with him, stay with him. Don’t think about anything else except him. Keep touching him. Forget about everything else. I listened – not that I really needed any extra convincing. The burning in his eyes told me he wanted to do a lot more than we were, but he took things slow, maybe because he knew I was nervous. His pajama pants stayed on. At one point, I shifted so that I hovered over him, my hair hanging around him. He tilted his head slightly, and I just barely caught sight of the back of his neck. I brushed my fingertips over the six tiny marks tattooed there. â€Å"Did you really kill six Strigoi?† He nodded. â€Å"Wow.† He brought my own neck down to his mouth and kissed me. His teeth gently grazed my skin, different from a vampire but every bit as thrilling. â€Å"Don’t worry. You’ll have a lot more than me someday.† â€Å"Do you feel guilty about it?† â€Å"Hmm?† â€Å"Killing them. You said in the van that it was the right thing to do, but it still bothers you. It’s why you go to church, isn’t it? I see you there, but you aren’t really into the services.† He smiled, surprised and amused I’d guessed another secret about him. â€Å"How do you know these things? I’m not guilty exactly†¦just sad sometimes. All of them used to be human or dhampir or Moroi. It’s a waste, that’s all, but as I said before, it’s something I have to do. Something we all have to do. Sometimes it bothers me, and the chapel is a good place to think about those kinds of things. Sometimes I find peace there, but not often. I find more peace with you.† He rolled me off of him and moved on top of me again. The kissing picked up once more, harder this time. More urgent. Oh God, I thought. I’m finally going to do it. This is it. I can feel it. He must have seen the decision in my eyes. Smiling, he slid his hands behind my neck and unfastened Victor’s necklace. He set it on the bedside table. As soon as the chain left his fingers, I felt like I’d been slapped in the face. I blinked in surprise. Dimitri must have felt the same way. â€Å"What happened?† he asked. â€Å"I-I don’t know.† I felt like I was trying to wake up, like I’d been asleep for two days. I needed to remember something. Lissa. Something with Lissa. My head felt funny. Not pain or dizziness, but†¦the voice, I realized. The voice urging me toward Dimitri was gone. That wasn’t to say I didn’t want him anymore because hey, seeing him there in those sexy pajama bottoms, with that brown hair spilling over the side of face was pretty fine. But I no longer had that outside influence pushing me to him. Weird. He frowned, no longer turned on. After several moments of thought, he reached over and picked up the necklace. The instant his fingers touched it, I saw desire sweep over him again. He slid his other hand onto my hip, and suddenly, that burning lust slammed back into me. My stomach went queasy while my skin started to prickle and grow warm again. My breathing became heavy. His lips moved toward mine again. Some inner part of me fought through. â€Å"Lissa,† I whispered, squeezing my eyes shut. â€Å"I have to tell you something about Lissa. But I can’t†¦remember†¦I feel so strange†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I know.† Still holding onto me, he rested his cheek against my forehead. â€Å"There’s something†¦something here†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He pulled his face away, and I opened my eyes. â€Å"This necklace. That’s the one Prince Victor gave you?† I nodded and could see the sluggish thought process trying to wake up behind his eyes. Taking a deep breath, he removed his hand from my hip and pushed himself away. â€Å"What are you doing?† I exclaimed. â€Å"Come back†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He looked like he wanted to – very badly – but instead he climbed out of the bed. He and the necklace moved away from me. I felt like he’d ripped part of me away, but at the same time, I had that startling sensation of waking up, like I could think clearly once more without my body making all the decisions. On the other hand, Dimitri still wore a look of animal passion on him, and it seemed to take a great deal of effort for him to walk across the room. He reached the window and managed to open it one-handed. Cold air blasted in, and I rubbed my hands over my arms for warmth. â€Å"What are you going to – ?† The answer hit me, and I sprang out of bed, just as the necklace flew out the window. â€Å"No! Do you know how much that must have – ?† The necklace disappeared, and I no longer felt like I was waking up. I was awake. Painfully, startlingly so. I took in my surroundings. Dimitri’s room. Me naked. The rumpled bed. But all that was nothing compared to what hit me next. You read "Vampire Academy Chapter 21" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"Lissa!† I gasped out. It all came back, the memories and the emotions. And, in fact, her held-back emotions suddenly poured into me – at staggering levels. More terror. Intense terror. Those feelings wanted to suck me back into her body, but I couldn’t let them. Not quite yet. I fought against her, needing to stay here. With the words coming out in a rush, I told Dimitri everything that had happened. He was in motion before I finished, putting on clothes and looking every bit like a badass god. Ordering me to get dressed, he tossed me a sweatshirt with Cyrillic writing on it to wear over the skimpy dress. I had a hard time following him downstairs; he made no effort to slow for me this time. Calls were made when we got there. Orders shouted. Before long, I ended up in the guardians’ main office with him. Kirova and other teachers were there. Most of the campus’s guardians. Everyone seemed to speak at once. All the while, I felt Lissa’s fear, felt her moving farther and farther away. I yelled at them to hurry up and do something, but no one except Dimitri would believe my story about her abduction until someone retrieved Christian from the chapel and then verified Lissa really wasn’t on campus. Christian staggered in, supported by two guardians. Dr. Olendzki appeared shortly thereafter, checking him out and wiping blood away from the back of his head. Finally, I thought, something would happen. â€Å"How many Strigoi were there?† one of the guardians asked me. â€Å"How in the world did they get in?† muttered someone else. I stared. â€Å"Wh – ? There weren’t any Strigoi.† Several sets of eyes stared at me. â€Å"Who else would have taken her?† asked Ms. Kirova primly. â€Å"You must have seen it wrong through the†¦vision.† â€Å"No. I’m positive. It was†¦they were†¦guardians.† â€Å"She’s right,† mumbled Christian, still under the doctor’s ministrations. He winced as she did something to the back of his head. â€Å"Guardians.† â€Å"That’s impossible,† someone said. â€Å"They weren’t school guardians.† I rubbed my forehead, fighting hard to keep from leaving the conversation and going back to Lissa. My irritation grew. â€Å"Will you guys get moving? She’s getting farther away!† â€Å"You’re saying a group of privately retained guardians came in and kidnapped her?† The tone in Kirova’s voice implied I was playing some kind of joke. â€Å"Yes,† I replied through gritted teeth. â€Å"They†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Slowly, carefully, I slipped my mental restraint and flew into Lissa’s body. I sat in a car, an expensive car with tinted windows to keep out most of the light. It might be â€Å"night† here, but it was full day for the rest of the world. One of the guardians from the chapel drove; another sat beside him in the front – one I recognized. Spiridon. In the back, Lissa sat with tied hands, another guardian beside her, and on the other side – â€Å"They work for Victor Dashkov,† I gasped out, focusing back on Kirova and the others. â€Å"They’re his.† â€Å"Prince Victor Dashkov?† asked one of the guardians with a snort. Like there was any other freaking Victor Dashkov. â€Å"Please,† I moaned, hands clutching my head. â€Å"Do something. They’re getting so far away. They’re on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A brief image, seen outside the car window, flared in my vision. â€Å"Eighty-three. Headed south.† â€Å"Eighty-three already? How long ago did they leave? Why didn’t you come sooner?† My eyes turned anxiously to Dimitri. â€Å"A compulsion spell,† he said slowly. â€Å"A compulsion spell put into a necklace he gave her. It made her attack me.† â€Å"No one can use that kind of compulsion,† exclaimed Kirova. â€Å"No one’s done that in ages.† â€Å"Well, someone did. By the time I’d restrained her and taken the necklace, a lot of time had passed,† Dimitri continued, face perfectly controlled. No one questioned the story. Finally, finally, the group moved into action. No one wanted to bring me, but Dimitri insisted when he realized I could lead them to her. Three details of guardians set out in sinister black SUVs. I rode in the first one, sitting in the passenger seat while Dimitri drove. Minutes passed. The only times we spoke was when I gave a report. â€Å"They’re still on Eighty-three†¦but their turn is coming. They aren’t speeding. They don’t want to get pulled over.† He nodded, not looking at me. He most definitely was speeding. Giving him a sidelong glance, I replayed tonight’s earlier events. In my mind’s eye, I could see it all again, the way he’d looked at me and kissed me. But what had it been? An illusion? A trick? On the way to the car, he’d told me there really had been a compulsion spell in the necklace, a lust one. I had never heard of such a thing, but when I’d asked for more information, he just said it was a type of magic earth users once practiced but never did anymore. â€Å"They’re turning,† I said suddenly. â€Å"I can’t see the road name, but I’ll know when we’re close.† Dimitri grunted in acknowledgment, and I sank further into my seat. What had it all meant? Had it meant anything to him? It had definitely meant a lot to me. â€Å"There,† I said about twenty minutes later, indicating the rough road Victor’s car had turned off on. It was unpaved gravel, and the SUV gave us an edge over his luxury car. We drove on in silence, the only sound coming from the crunching of the gravel under the tires. Dust kicked up outside the windows, swirling around us. â€Å"They’re turning again.† Farther and farther off the main routes they went, and we followed the whole time, led by my instructions. Finally, I felt Victor’s car come to a stop. â€Å"They’re outside a small cabin,† I said. â€Å"They’re taking her – â€Å" â€Å"Why are you doing this? What’s going on?† Lissa. Cringing and scared. Her feelings had pulled me into her. â€Å"Come, child,† said Victor, moving into the cabin, unsteady on his cane. One of his guardians held the door open. Another pushed Lissa along and settled her into a chair near a small table inside. It was cold in here, especially in the pink dress. Victor sat across from her. When she started to get up, a guardian gave her a warning look. â€Å"Do you think I’d seriously hurt you?† â€Å"What did you do to Christian?† she cried, ignoring the question. â€Å"Is he dead? â€Å"The Ozera boy? I didn’t mean for that to happen. We didn’t expect him to be there. We’d hoped to catch you alone, to convince others you’d run away again. We’d made sure rumors already circulated about that.† We? I recalled how the stories had resurfaced this week†¦from Natalie. â€Å"Now?† He sighed, spreading his hands wide in a helpless gesture. â€Å"I don’t know. I doubt anyone will connect it to us, even if they don’t believe you ran away. Rose is the biggest liability. We’d intended to†¦dispatch her, letting others think she’d run away as well. The spectacle she created at your dance made that impossible, but I had another plan in place to make sure she stays occupied for some time†¦probably until tomorrow. We will have to contend with her later.† He hadn’t counted on Dimitri figuring out the spell. He’d figured we’d be too busy getting it on all night. â€Å"Why?† asked Lissa. â€Å"Why are you doing all this?† His green eyes widened, reminding her of her father’s. They might be distant relatives, but that jade-green color ran in both the Dragomirs and the Dashkovs. â€Å"I’m surprised you even have to ask, my dear. I need you. I need you to heal me.† How to cite Vampire Academy Chapter 21, Essay examples

Salem Witch Trials Informative Essay free essay sample

While these trials were taking place the judges and jurors would torture the accused â€Å"witches† until they would confess, once they confessed they would spare their lives and imprison. If they continued to claim to be innocent they were hung from Gallows Hill, just outside of Salem, Massachusetts, changing our judicial system forever. (Goss, 2008) One of the first women to be accused of witchcraft in Salem was a slave of the Parris family, Tituba. She was the first to be accused and the first to confess to witchcraft after being severely beaten by Samuel Parris. Tituba was an easier target to accuse of witchcraft because she was a slave and not of much importance. After Tituba was accused, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne, who were also of low statute and accused of witchcraft, were immediately arrested, interrogated, and tortured in attempt to get them to confess to dealing with the devil. These women all tried to plea their innocence but the girls all acted out, displaying terrible behaviors such as thrashing themselves on the floor, mimicking the accused, and even screaming out in pain until the accused person would admit to witchcraft. The people of Salem were swallowed up by the impact these young girls, ages twelve to twenty, were having upon finding witches and wizards within the community. The jurors would just falsely accuse these people without any real hard evidence. The judges and jurors would sentence people to death just by having spectral evidence against them. (Blumburg, 2007) Soon after Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborne were tried, an increasing number of people in the community started to become accused, putting neighbors against neighbors. Abigail Williams, one of the ten afflicted girls, claimed to be tormented by the specter of Rebecca Nurse, a very well respected woman of Salem. After this accusation against Rebecca, she was arrested and brought in for questioning and many more respected women throughout the community were starting to be accused for tormenting the â€Å"afflicted girls† and other members of the community. Soon after Rebecca Nurse was examined and questioned, four more people were accused and arrested- Giles Cory, Abigail Hobbs, Mary Warren, and Bridget Bishop. Bridget Bishop was the first victim to be executed for witchcraft practices. (Goss, 2008) In an attempt to find people as innocent or guilty of witchcraft the Judges would order the accused men and women to strip naked and be shaved everywhere on their bodies, including their genitals, and would have them searched for â€Å"Witches Teats. † These were often moles or natural blemishes of the skin. This was believed to be one of the best ways to identify a witch; they were believed to be the â€Å"Devils Mark,† a place where the devil had kissed the supposed witches (Sargent, 2002). Another method they would use to try and prove if one were a Witch was tying their hands behind backs and throwing them in water. If the accused sank, he or she was not a witch, but if they floated they were believed him or her to be a witch. People thought this because it was said that if a witch burned, she was made from wood. Therefore, she would float just like wood would. (Wenkler) May 10, 1692 Sarah Osborne became the first woman to die in prison from torture. Soon after, Sir William Phips became governor of Massachusetts. Phips commissioned a special court to hear and determine the pending witchcraft cases. Governor Phips appointed seven justices to serve on the Court, and named William Stoughton as the Chief Justice and Deputy Governor on May 27, 1692. About two weeks after Stoughton was appointed, his first decision as Chief Justice and Deputy Governor was to sentence and execute Bridget Bishop on June 10, 1692. Bridget was the first of many to be wrongly executed on Gallows Hill. (Goss, 2008) On July 19, 1692 the first group of victims, Sarah Good, Rebecca Nurse, Susannah Martin, Elizabeth Howe, and Sarah Wildes were executed by hanging on Gallows Hill right outside of Salem. On August 5, 1692 George Jacobs stood trial, claiming his innocence of witchcraft, but his granddaughter, Margret, a confessed witch of Salem, testified against him. She soon retracted her testimony against her grandfather, feeling guilty, but it was too late because August 19, 1692 was the second execution day. The second group of victims- John and Elizabeth Proctor, John Willard, Martha Carrier and Reverend George Burroughs- were hung on Gallows Hill, Salem. The bodies of the executed were not believed to be Christians anymore and were not allowed proper Christian burials. But were all just thrown into shallow graves near where they were executed. (Goss, 2008) After these executions, Mary Eastey wrote and submitted a petition to the courts, â€Å"No more innocent blood shall be (Blumburg, 2007). There were thirty-nine people who signed that petition and many of them were then accused of witchcraft, but most of them were found innocent. On September 19, 1692 Giles Cory was charged with witchcraft and brought to stand trial in Salem. Cory refused to make a plea, an act to prevent his trial, and was then subjected to the torture of â€Å"pressing. This method of torture took two days of piling rocks on top of a wooden board placed on his body before it took his life. A few days after Giles Cory was killed, September 22, 1692, was the third and final execution day of witches in Salem. The victims Martha Cory, Mary Eastey, Alice Parker, Ann Pudeater, Margaret Scott, Wilmot Redd, Samuel Wardwell, and Mary Parker were hung on Gallows Hill. (Goss, 2008) Almo st all of the executions took place because of the testimony of the ten â€Å"afflicted girls† of Salem. These girls, aging from twelve to twenty sent almost 100 people to prison or to their deaths because of their accusations. On October 8, 1692 Thomas Brattle issued a challenge of the court in â€Å"A letter to a Reverend Gentleman. † He questioned the wisdom of accepting the testimonies of the â€Å"afflicted girls. † When Phips received this letter he shut down the Salem Court. Accusations continued to be made throughout Massachusetts, but were met with a new public response and most accusations were withdrawn. Governor Phips forbade the use of spectral evidence, which then nullified the testimonies of the â€Å"afflicted girls. In May of 1663 Governor Phips received instructions from England to discontinue the trials and put an end to all proceedings of witchcraft. All who were condemned in jail were pardoned and released. On December 17, 1696 Governor William Stoughton issued a proclamation declaring a colony-wide day of fasting and prayer â€Å"so that God’ s people may offer up fervent supplications [to God] that all iniquity may be put away which hath stirred God’s Holy jealousy against this land†¦referring to the late tragedy, raised among us by Satan†¦through the awful judgment of God† (Goss, 2008). The Salem Witch Trials changed our judicial system. Many people were wrongly accused of Witchcraft and killed or imprisoned because of spectral evidence and the thought that you are guilty until proven innocent. We now look at our judicial system as innocent until proven guilty. People must have actual proven evidence and testimonies. I believe we as Americans have definitely come a long way with being fair to those wrongly accused. Bibliography Blumburg, J. (2007). http://www. smithsonianmag. com/history-archaeology/brief-salem. html? =yamp;story=fullstory. smithsonianmag. com, 1. Retrieved from www. smithsonianmag. com. Goss, K. D. (2008). The Salem Witch Trials. In K. D. Goss, The Salem Witch Trials (pp. 1-183). Westport: Greenwood Press. Sargent, J. (Director). (2002). The Salem Witch Trials [Motion Picture]. Wenkler, P. (n. d. ). http://education. nationalgeographic. com/education/media/salem-witch-trials-interactive/? ar_a=1. Retrieved from National Geographic: http://education . nationalgeographic. com/education/media/salem-witch-trials-interactive/? ar_a=1

The Whitsun Weddings Essay Example For Students

The Whitsun Weddings Essay But this is all he is talking about, in these poems he would be most discriminated for, yet all he is thinking about is his own feelings and thoughts, not about the womens at all, so i dont feel that anyone can judge if he sympathises with the women or not as he isnt taking them into consideration. True he does talk about women as objects but only because he wishes he could as this would give him more power in that respect. He proves he doesnt believe in himself through the fact that he ended up dating the friend who he didnt find as attractive as the other bosomy rose. We will write a custom essay on The Whitsun Weddings specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Like the previous two poems, Faith Healing could be thought of as also being about himself in the way that they were about his way of thinking and the way he acts or his relationships. Even though this poem is seemingly about women, we are able to notice a rather jealous tone when Larkin speaks about how women file up like a flock of sheep and will follow whatever is said to them using in this case a religious speaker. Larkin describes the speaker as being Godly; rimless glasses, silver hair, dark suit, white collar being able to persuade women to do whatever he wants them to do, believe whatever he wants them to believe. One may think that this is another mention of his fantasies; being able to tell women what to do yet i feel the poem does in-fact have a sympathetic tone to it. Either sympathetic towards the women not being able to think for themselves, even though he is rather patronising towards them by using animalistic terms such as hoarse tears, thick tongues and sheepishly stray or towards himself for not being the person who he wants to be. One poem that most definitely contrasts to the other poems is Selfs the Man, this is because there is blatant sympathy showed by Larkin, sympathy that still may not please people but i feel no-one will be able to argue with Larkins truthful feelings portrayed in this poem. Larkin tells us in this poem about his friend Arnold and his married life. Larkin tells us that Arnold is less selfish than he is in the way that Larkin feels he is a swine because he has a better life than him. He feels sorry for Arnold because he is stuck with a woman all day and she orders him round so much that he has no time at all. Larkin spends the first half of the poem describing Arnolds life, sympathising with him but also laughing at him for being such a fool. Towards the end of the poem we see Larkin starting to question his theory by asking himself if it was such a mistake and finishing off the poem saying he knows what i can stand or i suppose i can which shows he is thoroughly doubting who is better off. So in this poem we can see a change in Larkins views from the sympathetic, mocking view to hesitating on whether in-fact are people sympathising with him because of his situation. The final poem i will look at, i feel of one of the saddest poems Larkin has written as in Afternoons we see him describe a stage in a young mothers life where her youth is fading and she has got stuck into a routine. This routine is also described by saying the mothers assemble rather than meet up which suggests they have a strict and controlled life. The word hollows also conveys an emptiness in their lives, words such as hollows, fading and fall create a very sad tone that has not been seen in many of Larkins poems as they suggest a huge loss in their lives, causing Larkin to sympathise with the young mothers. .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09 , .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09 .postImageUrl , .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09 , .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09:hover , .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09:visited , .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09:active { border:0!important; } .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09:active , .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09 .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f21fd6e54adb59675daceaf59419d09:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Beyond the arabin poetry EssayAlso we can see Larkin sympathise with married women in general which is very surprising in itself as he says that stand husbands, their children and an estateful of washing dominate their lives. From this i have come to the conclusion that in relation to the question how fair is the criticism Larkin has a lack of sympathy in his poetry i believe it is not fair, Larkin is sympathetic. Perhaps he is not as sympathetic as some poets but i feel that for a man with Larkins views, through his poetry he is able to sympathise with himself and his own views and also sympathise with others if that is what he was not to write about. I do not feel that Larkin should be discriminated because of his poetry purely because his poetry is his views; he should have to start sympathising with people if that is not what he believed in. From this selection of poems, i personally have identified sympathy in all the poems i have looked at. I feel that sympathy towards yourself can still count as being sympathetic and i honestly feel that Larkin often was not happy with himself in the ways he felt inadequate and not able to be someone he wishes he would be. Afternoons showed the most sympathy and unusually towards women which was very rare for him to look at a womans point of view. Still it proves he can still sympathise with women if he actually thinks about them and their views. In his other poems he usually only concentrates of himself which might cause readers to think that he isnt being sympathetic but why would you need to talk about other people in your own poetry? He would not have thought of a target audience that a novelist would. He usually does talk about himself but as proven in Afternoons, when he does choose to think away from his point of view Larkin does show a sympathetic side backed up with an even more surprising saddened tone. This showing that even a stubborn man such as Larkin can still identify with other people in a sympathetic manor. Georgina Sims Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Philip Larkin section.

Differences Between Fordist And Post-Fordist Work Essays

Differences Between Fordist And Post-Fordist Work Essays Differences Between Fordist And Post-Fordist Work Paper Differences Between Fordist And Post-Fordist Work Paper This essay will be examining the conceptual framework of both Fordism and Post Fordism alike. It will be examining how Fordism began, and how through many different changes, both within the industrial sector as well as Society as a whole, there was a switch to Post Fordism. It will incorporate my own experiences of working in retail, in order to demonstrate how I perceive the way in which Post Fordism is evident in the workplace, in addition to demonstrating that, Fordism has not been totally replaced and is still present in more ways than one. Fordism refers to the system of consumption and mass production characteristic of highly developed economies during the nineteen forties, right through until the nineteen sixties. Under Fordism, there was mass consumption combined with mass production, which produced sustained economic growth and widespread material advancement. The 1970s-1990s however have been a period of slower growth and increasing income inequality. During this period of time, the system of organisation of production and consumption has, almost, undergone a second transformation. This new system is often referred to as the flexible system of production or the Japanese management system. On the production side, the flexible system of production is characterised by remarkable reductions in information costs and expenses, total Quality Management, just-in-time inventory control, and leaderless work groups. On the consumption side: by the globalisation of consumer goods markets; faster product life cycles; far greater product/market segmentation and differentiation. Henry Ford, (born 1863- died 1947) founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903. In 1908 the company initiated the production of the Model-T, of which the company sold 15million. It was the first car of its kind to built using a new type of production. Fordism involves the mass production of consumer durables, which are made on moving assembly line techniques operated with the semi-skilled labour of the mass worker. Before cars were produced by hand which was both time consuming and very expensive. The actual physical production of the car was also a problem due to numerous parts involved, the Model T took only 12. hours per car to be built from start to finish, a build time which would have been impossible to sustain on a continuous basis before. It was from this new process of the production line that Fordism took its name. Henry Ford had come up with a way of producing cars that broke the overall production process down into hundreds and sometimes thousands of small, individualised, highly-specialised, parts. By introducing a complex division of labour, Ford r easoned (correctly) that costs could be lowered and profits increased. The production was a new way of thinking and doing, helped made possible by new advances in machinery. Fordism, or Henry Fords new ideas of manufacturing, came about as a solution to a problem: that of how to increase the amount produced and decrease the time needed to produce it. He saw the existing methods of production as being slow, laborious and inefficient. Previously, workers had been highly skilled and because of these specialised skills, they were highly paid. This however, was all about to change. Fords main contributions to mass production/consumption were in the area of process engineering. The hallmark of his system was standardisation. Standardised components, standardised manufacturing processes, and a simple, easy to manufacture and repair, standard product. Ford had done this by employing a workforce that needed the minimal training, and had little skills. Fords first factory was at River rouge in Detroit. The management principals that were in place at that time were that of intensive work-planning and close supervision of the workers. The job involved very little training, and involved the employee to insert a car part into a machine, to which the machine carried out the work, not the employee. Ford regulated how the employees worked, in the sense that he would calculate the speed at which an employee took to carry out a particular task, and then a standard was set. He carried out Time and Motion studies in order to ensure that there was maximum efficiency on the production line, in order to minimise waste. Anyone who didnt comply or couldnt keep up with the times set was dismissed. Ford took great pleasure hiring and firing, often replacing older employees, with younger, faster, more efficient employees. He also had many rules, such as no talking and whispering with fellow employees, as he felt that this distracted them from their work. Others however believed that due to his paranoid nature, he did not want his employees conspiring against his work ethics. Because the job was so repetitive, and restrictive to the employee, morale was also low and the staff turnover was high. This prompted Henry Ford to introduce the Five Dollar a Day. This was a relatively high wage level, however it could only be obtained when the worker had worked for a continuous six months and complied with all the rules that were in place at that time. Henry Ford decided that this was the best way to get the workers to work at the speed, and in the way that he wanted. And so Fordism began. It basically meant that the workforce should be recognised as a valuable, integral part of the production of a product, rather that being treated as a commodity to be kept at arms length. If the workers feel valued and appreciated, then they are much more likely to work harder, with a lot more thought put into their work However, during the great depression in the States, during the nineteen twenties and thirties, there was very little disposable income. Therefore, this meant that there was no longer a great demand for the Ford car. Furthermore, people had become tired of owning the same car as their friends and neighbours, and longed for a change, and a break from the norm. After the depression, during the Long Boom (1945-1970+), the Fordism way of working was no longer seen as a way of treating employees, as well as a way of working and managing working production. After this period, the white collar professionals replaced the assembly line worker in totally new line of work. This was done through the introduction of hi-technology companies, and a great influx in communications and marketing. Scientists, academics and university graduates, who had the skills to invent new information technologies, took the power away from the industrialists and bureaucrats, who for so long had dominated with economic power. The post-Fordist division of the work-force between a skill-flexible core and a time-flexible periphery, which is now replacing the old manual/non-manual distinction, underlies a shift from the post-war vision of a one-nation mass consumption system to a two-nations model based on the affluent flexible worker plus a social security state (Jessop et al. 1987: 109-10) The period of Post-Ford has also witnessed the introduction of better-paid jobs, which, unlike Fordism, also hold better job security. Skilled workers were also better paid and as such a far greater amount of people were taking up places at university, where the end result of an Honours degree meant that many were employed by large companies to design and build robots, which would slowly take over the work of previous employees. Many Functionalists would say that this change, from Fordism to Post Fordism was a momentous step, in the sense that things are changing for employees, and employers for the better. Through perks at work such as work incentives, as well as extra pay for working unsociable hours etc, workers nowadays, in all lines of work, feel that they have received a better deal. From the bin man, who is now referred to as the refuse collector, to the shop worker, who is now referred to as a sales advisor, most would agree that not only standards in the workplace have went up, but also morale, and how people view their jobs. But is this the case? Through examining my own experiences of work, it is apparent that yes, things have changed for better, but also for worse. And that often, the unsuspecting employee is being exploited and demoralised by Post Fordism, all in the name of profits. Whilst working in Marks Spencer before beginning university, employees were subjected to both indirect as well as direct forms of conformity, in every aspect of work. From the first day of work, employees had details of themselves taken for Marks Spencers uses only. These included broad details of Address, and bank account, right through to personal details about health and fitness. At which, on receipt of these, the company knew practically every detail about the employee, and therefore could run checks etc. n them without their knowledge. Employees were then initiated into the company by means of videos, depicting other employees who were so appreciative to Marks Spencer for the conditions and perks that they have in their job. In addition to this was a video in which the Managing Director thanked the new employees for deciding to work for the company. They w ere also told that their work would be well valued and appreciated, and that anything positive they do within the company would go towards prolonging the quality of the company. New employees were then given new, identical uniforms to each other and sent down to work on the shop floor where the policy is The customer is always right, and after watching the videos and being in receipt of the numerous pep talks, each felt they owed a duty to the company.. The Sales Advisor job, to many, is a more sophisticated term for shop worker, however most employees take the term seriously. Contracts were given strictly on a temporary basis. In that there was never any job security, because, employees were employed under the agreement that they would receive a trial run, so-to-speak. And when the period of employment that they had worked was up, they would be graded accordingly, in terms of how they spoke to and listened to customers, and managers alike, the employees appearance and attitude to working, and also most importantly, how hard they worked. Most contracts were given for a maximum of 8 to 10 weeks, and in this time, any employee that had three days of absence was told that their contract would not be renewed, regardless of how they performed in the other criteria of how they worked, i. . timekeeping and appearance. As mentioned previously, the employees wear identical uniforms to each other; this is to suppress individuality and to promote a sense that everyone is equal. Managers however wear smart suits, and show their superiority over the shop floor workers, making them aware that although everyone is important in their own way, some are a lot more important than others, and therefore should receive more respect, in terms of how they are spoken to and treated. During the Marks Spencer revamp during 1998, it was customary for the top managers to come down to the shop floor to engage in conversations with the floor workers about what they thought of the overhaul, giving the impression that the floor workers opinions counted. When in actual fact, the plans had already been drawn up, and so basically, what the managers were doing was to try to boost staff morale, with little impact. New staffs were unable to join the Union as it was thought that they should be on a permanent contract before they joined up, therefore it was hard for someone to voice concern or a complaint. Sales advisors are kept under close guard, in the sense that, there were hi-Tec CCTV cameras, strategically placed around the store, with extra cameras placed in front and behind every till, to record every move. Talking to fellow employees was discouraged, and only permitted if it was work related and relevant to that particular point in time. Although employees were initially welcomed and made to feel like an asset to the company, very soon this appreciation, turned to suspicion and distrust. However, through the intervention of CCTV and Managers, employees and their actions are scrutinised at every move, without them realising it. Overall, this essay has aimed to explain how social relations within the workplace are a result of Fordism and also post Fordism. It is evident that although Fordism proved not to be an acceptable or effective way of treating employees, it wasnt totally off tract. Now days, where Post Fordism is evident almost everywhere, it is apparent that the conceptual framework of Fordism still plays a major role in the company policies of many workforces, from the corner shop, to the large corporations, where keeping the employee on their toes and scrutinising their every move ensures that profits and sales remain high. Employees are ideologically conditioned into believing that they are working for the good of a company, who respects and values what they do. In some cases this is true, but in most cases employees are there merely to boost profits, and are easily replaceable, as they are more than aware of.

Privatisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Privatisation - Essay Example Changes in ownership are most directly associated with changes in control. (Commission on Public Private Partnerships, 2001) In principle, privatisation programmes involve a fading in control applied by the state and a shift of control to private investors. It is this aspect of privatisation that is the most significant to East European countries that consider the exclusion of state control as a primary goal. Finance Private capital sectors have not been an essential foundation of funding of privatized ventures. Allegations to the effect that public-sector assets were sold too inexpensively are basically pointless. Information Privatisation plans have promoted the particular identification of the public-good aspects of state ventures. Performance has noticeably enhanced where competition has been introduced. The UK privatisation plan often failed to make out opportunities for commencing competition. Stand-in competition through standard comparisons is a poor substitute for actual competition. Nevertheless, even where competition has been restricted or missing there have been momentous enhancements in efficiency. The information expressed by stock-market prices has been significant in observing performance and developing managerial incentives. Control Investment markets have applied diminutive control over privatized organizations either by means of the threat of invasion or insolvency. The power of both nation and trade groups has been considerably shortened by privatisation. The controller has replaced the state as the one most prevailing external framework. Supervisory control is unproductive, unsuccessful, and unreasonably high-priced. More than last ten years the agenda of privatisation in England has transformed both the figure and the... Private capital sectors have not been an essential foundation of funding of privatized ventures. Allegations to the effect that public-sector assets were sold too inexpensively are basically pointless. Privatisation plans have promoted the particular identification of the public-good aspects of state ventures. Performance has noticeably enhanced where competition has been introduced. The UK privatization plan often failed to make out opportunities for commencing competition. Stand-in competition through standard comparisons is a poor substitute for actual competition. Nevertheless, even where competition has been restricted or missing there have been momentous enhancements in efficiency. The information expressed by stock-market prices has been significant in observing performance and developing managerial incentives. Investment markets have applied diminutive control over privatized organizations either by means of the threat of invasion or insolvency. The power of both nation and t rade groups has been considerably shortened by privatization. The controller has replaced the state as the one most prevailing external framework. More than last ten years the agenda of privatization in England has transformed both the figure and the temperament of the public-enterprise division. As the inspirations and incentives of these strategies have been both multiple and changing eventually, a vital concern has associated to the effectiveness of public organizations.

Austrian and Post-Keynesian Criticisms of the Standard Neoclassical Essay - 1

Austrian and Post-Keynesian Criticisms of the Standard Neoclassical View of the Competitive Process - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the neo-classical view of the competitive process believes that the perfectly competitive approach it describes the essence of capitalist competition in the market. The attributes of the process are viewed as exceptional and typically arising from government intervention, which includes protection and nationalization. The criticism points out that the basic motivator of the capitalist process, competition, ensures that if any firm enjoys super-normal profits, rivals will soon enter to bid away those profits. They will succeed to undermine any temporally market dominance that the incumbent enjoys. According to Nolan, Post Keynesians school of thought has been criticized by many schools on the issue of economic policies of the evolution of power operating in the capital market. They argue that the changes in the strength of demand cause changes in the level of prices with the respect to costs. These changes tend to have a strong influenc e on the society propensity to save or to consume and thereby changing the level of effective demand to make it correspond with the available supply. Thus, capitalism naturally initiates full employment level provided the income distribution adjustment is allowed to adjust itself to the economy. In the short run, some kind of Keynesian policies will be required but the process will be essentially governed by price flexibility relatively to wage costs. The post-Keynesian believes that the changes in the strength of demand cause changes in the level of prices with the respect to costs. These changes lead to the great influence on the consumer propensity to save or to consume and thereby changing the level of effective demand to make it correspond with the available supply. On the other hand, the Austrian school of thoughts has received criticism on the way they view the strength of demand. They argue that market participants who obtain more and more on accurate and complete perfect kn owledge depend on potential demand and supply preferences.

Human Comfort And Thermal Comfort Engineering Essay

Human Comfort And Thermal Comfort Engineering Essay Abstract: The main purpose of the HVAC system is to achieve clean indoor air quality and human comfort (thermal comfort), there are many HVAC systems a designer or owner has the option to select based on the factors such as the type of the building, architecture, location, shape, surrounding climate, occupancy, envelop, level and frequency of activities, and the system operation schedule. In addition to the above base factors that an HVAC system is expected to be selected upon, the energy consumption, system efficiency, initial and operational cost, and finally, feasibility (short and long term rebound positive effect) are of the owners and designers critical concerns. This paper will discuss the elements of a typical feasible high performance low cost, fine tuned HVAC DDC integrated system to achieve the best for users, owners, and environment. 1. Introduction HVAC and its associated auxiliaries system are major energy consumers in a building, the rapid development of the advanced technology nowadays boosts the HVAC system feasibility as more complex control systems are developed for this industry and additional fine-tune, prompt response, standardized communication, ease of control and monitor, and remote accessibility. The BMS/DDC (Building Management System/ Direct Digital Control) integrated system is the core of a good feasible high-efficient HVAC system. The BMS is the most recent High-Tech energy management system that manage a building performance to the maximum desirable pre-determined set of parameters which able to control, monitor, adjust, save and record mostly all of the building facilities and utilities when integrated with all of the compatible buildings Sub-LANs, a DDC is one of those LANs and can communicate with other control LANs under the supervision of the BMS. BMS is able to supervise, control, adjust and record the illumination, electric power control, HVAC, security and observation, magnetic card and access, fire alarm, lifts, and other engineering systems. Integrated with the BMS, the DDC performs the HVAC control management and communicates with the other building controllers via the BMS to achieve integration based on a specified, programmed event sequence. I The DDC is the heart of an efficient HVAC system, it finely tunes the digital/analog input/output communication between sensors, probes, stand-alone controllers, LANs controllers, and finally the controlled element which could be an actuator that adjust the process variable (flow, temperature, level, or pressure), and allows for a feedback signal to further adjust the desired process set-point. This whole process is reported in a real-time manner to the BMS system for further coordination with the other buildings controllable systems to achieve integration based on the pre-programmed parameters. In order to achieve the highest human comfort, energy saving, and a long term rebound effect strategy, The BMS/DDC system should be interlocked and integrated with a high-efficient and feasible HVAC system, this combination can awards energy saving, system and environment sustainability, human comfort, and business feasibility. An Optimal Air System is a good example of a low-coast, high-performance, energy-efficient and a good investment for long-term rebound pay-back effect. Optimal Air System concept is based on the low temperature supply system that needs, less energy consumption by the most energy consumer auxiliary that is the fan, this affects the sizing of the ducts (less duck size), air handling units and fan motors, all of which will be smaller and results in a system that requires less space and uses less power. As this paper focuses on the HVAC/DDC integrated system application for human comfort, energy saving, and feasibility (long-term rebound effect), I will discuss and focus on the DDC and Optimal Air System integration for the above purposes and define characteristics, elements, and functions of both systems. II 2. DDC DDC has became the latest and the most recently used system for HVAC controls after the pneumatic and electromechanical control systems, digital pre-programmable controllers can handle extensive digital/analog data process from inputs (sensors, tranceducers and transmitters) that tyapically mesure temperature, flow, humidity, pressure or level, and outputs to final controlled devices to adjust a process variable based on a preset parameters, also recives a feedback signals from inputs again to further adjust signal command errors for best results based again on the setpoints. Digital inputs are Dry contacts from a control device, analog inputs are voltage and current signals that mesure variables such as humidity, pressure, level or flow form sensing devices and converted to percentage. Digital outputs are of 1 or 0 binary that either stops or starts equipments via a relay, analog outputs are voltage or current signals that control a process variable control devices such as valves, m otors or dampers. The DDC program code may be customized for intended use such as: Time schedule, sequence of operation, trend logs, alarms. 2.1 Elements of a DDC As described above, the three functional elements needed to perform the functions of a DDC system are: a) A measurement element (Sensor, prob, Transmitter, Transducer) b) An error detection element (Digital/Analog/pneumatic Controller, PCU) c) A final control element (Motor/Piston Actuator, VFD, VSD, Relay) 2.2 DDC controled mediums The DDC controls two variables: I. A controlled variable is the process variable that is maintained at a specified value or within a specified range. II. A manipulated variable is the process that is acted on by the control system to maintain the controlled variable at the specified value or within the specified range. 1 2.3 Functions of DDC system In any DDC, the four basic functions that occur are: a) Measurement b) Comparison c) Computation d) Correction 3. DDC LAN-WAN Configuration DDC is where mechanical and electrical systems and equipment are joined with microprocessors that communicate with each other and to a central computer BMS. This computer and controllers in the building Management system can be networked to the internet or serve as a stand alone system for the local peer-to-peer controller network only Fig 1. Additionally, the controllers themselves do not need a computer to operate efficiently as many of these controllers are designed to operate as stand-alone controllers and control the specific equipment they are assigned to control. Fig 1. Typical peer-to-peer controller network [1] 2 With a few exceptions, each DDC or building automation controller holds their own programs and has the ability to communicate to other DDC building automation controllers. It is important for the DDC or building automation controllers to communicate to each other. If the network fails for whatever reason then the system may still function (because the DDC controllers in a BMS system are stand-alone) but it will not function as efficiently as designed. The DDC/BMS system can be configured as independent (localized) closed-system, or DDC open-system based on accessibility options required by a group of buildings managed by a single company or property management firm (centralized), or a single property to be monitored and controlled by its own (localized) Fig 2. Fig 2. DDC/BMS LAN/WAN configuration [2] 3 3.1 BACnet compatibility BACnet is the term commonly used to refer to the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 135- 1995, adopted and supported by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). BACnet stands for Building Automation and Control network. BACnet is a true, non-proprietary open protocol communication standard conceived by a consortium of building management, system users and manufacturers [3]. A closed protocol is a proprietary protocol used by a specific equipment manufacturer. An open protocol system uses a protocol available to anyone, but not published by a standards organization. A standard protocol system uses a protocol available to anyone. It is created by a standards organization. Open Systems: An open system is defined as a system that allows components from different manufacturers to co-exist on the same network. These components would not need a gateway to communicate with one another and would not require a manufacturer specific workstation to visualize data. This would allow more than one vendors product to meet a specific application requirement. The DDC/BMS BACnet based LANs and Sub-LANs can be accessed, controlled and monitored from remote locations via the Internet trough a centralized data management system which is capable of collecting data from multiple sites. This is accomplished by connecting with a gateway for collecting data from the lighting and air-conditioning control systems installed in each building or factory, and the center server for providing data collection, database and web server functions along with security measures applied to all transmitted data. Based on the capability of real-time monitoring and analysis of actual energy consumption such as electricity and gas from a remote location by using a web browser, this system is able to achieve the maximum level of energy saving in buildings and factories which in turn, reduce the emissions and the environmental impacts by taking advantage of its cost effectiveness and by limiting the required energy for a specific application or function. 4 Fig 3, Integrated BACnet based WEB Browser BMS Control System Layout [4] 5 4. DDC/BMS integrated features, application and functions 4.1 Energy saving DDC/BMS allows the owner to set up schedules of operation for the equipment and lighting systems so that energy savings can be realized when the building or spaces in the building are unoccupied. Have algorithms as reset schedules for heating plants, static pressure control, and other systems where energy savings can be realized through these predictive programs. 4.2 Human comfort (thermal Comfort) DDC/BMS system allows the equipment optimal start with pre-scheduled program. Optimal start is allowing the equipment to be brought on in an ordered and sequential manner automatically on a schedule before the building is reoccupied so that space set points can be realized before occupation. Event sequence programming features allow the system to compare space temperature, outside air conditions, and equipment capabilities so that the equipment can be turned on at an appropriate time to ensure space set points are achieved before occupation. Have trim and respond capabilities. Based on zone demand the set point for various heating and cooling sources will change according to demand from the zones. For instance, in a Variable Air Volume system, all the VAV boxes are served from a central air handling unit. If all the zones are at set point then the supply air temperature set point of the air handler is automatically changed to prevent mechanical cooling from occurring when it is unnecessary. When the zones grow warmer the supply air temperature set point is automatically lowered to allow mechanical cooling to satisfy demand. In conjunction with the appropriate mechanical system set-up, offer economizing based on enthalpy calculations and/or CO2 set point control. 4.3 Long-term rebound effects Offer load shedding when power companies are at peak demand and need business and industry to cut-back on power usage to prevent black outs. Building Management systems for instance, allow the owner to cycle various things off like water heaters or drinking fountains where use of these things- 6 -will not be noticed even though they are off. Management companies who acquire a good DDC/BMS can set up the system to bill tenants for energy usage (fewer employees required). 4.4 Proactive Ability to send alarms via email, pager, or telephone to alert building managers and/or technicians of the developing problems, and system failures. 4.5 Other applications and compatibilities Have the ability to monitor energy usage including the ability to meter electric, gas, water, steam, hot water, chilled water, and fuel oil services. Have the communications abilities to be integrated with other buildings via WAN setup using the standardized TCP/IP family of protocols. It is BACnet base web browser compatible and other open source communication protocol which allows the system to be accessed via the web browser from remote locations. (Refer to 4.2) 5. High-performance Low-energy HVAC design Recall the Introduction, In addition to BMS/DDC System application for energy saving and high HVAC system performance, a green HVAC system design will achieve all aspects of comfort, energy saving, low initial and operational capital costs, and adds more efficient performance in conjunction with the DDC system, an example of such green HVAC system would be an Optimal Air System [5]. Optimal Air System concept, idea and example are taken from McQuay Air Conditionning/2002 McQuay International/Application Guide AG 31-005 as an example to illustrate its benefits for energy saving, human comfort, lower initial cost and long term rebound effects. Optimal Air systems uses less energy than conventional systems on an annual basis, for example, In a conventional system, supply air temperatures run between 54Â °F -57Â °F from the air handling unit. With duct heat gain, the supply air ranges from approximately 56Â °F-59Â °F out of the air diffuser. 7 In Optimal Air System, supply air temperature run between 45-52Â °F from the air handling unit to optimize energy consumption, reduce first capital cost and improve humidity control. Optimal Air has for years been extensively used in grocery stores and is gaining increasing popularity in comfort cooling applications such as offices and schools. 5.1 Advantages There are several benefits of Optimal Air that make it an attractive system for use in a wide variety of applications. It Saves Space and Reduces Energy and Construction Costs, increases the amount of sensible heat that each CFM delivered to a zone can absorb. While 50Â °F air may not seem much colder than 55Â °F air, the delta T rises from 20Â °F to 25Â °F. That is an increase of 25%. This affects the sizing of the ducts, air handling units and fan motors, all of which will be smaller and results in a system that requires less space and uses less power. In many applications, fans can use more power annually than refrigeration (chillers, condensing units, pumps, and compressors). An example of annual 10-story building energy usage of 200,000 square-feet of HVAC components, the fan energy use is high because the fans operate every hour the building is occupied providing minimum air movement, ventilation air, heating, etc. In this case, an Optimal Air system would have a very real impact on overall energy costs. Fig 4, Annual HVAC Energy Usage [6] 8 5.2 Less Humidity, more comfort Optimal Air systems take more moisture out of the return and ventilation air mixture as it passes over the cooling coil. The lower moisture content in the supply air reduces the Psychrometric balance point humidity level in the conditioned space. This allows the space temperature to be set higher while achieving the same comfort level for occupants and further reduces the supply air quantity and fan power requirement. 5.3 Quieter and Improve Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) The lower air volume required for Optimal Air systems makes them quieter than conventional systems. Fan sound generation is a function of fan type, static pressure and air volume. By reducing air volume (and often the total fan static pressure) Optimal Air systems generate lower fan sound which can result in more desirable space conditions. This reduced sound generation can also be used to reduce the cost of any required noise attenuation in critical applications. The lower required air volume can also be used to reduce filter face velocities, allowing more efficient filters to be used without high energy cost penalties. The lower air temperature and resultant humidity levels also reduce the chance of mold growth in the air handling units, ducts or the occupied space. The example of the building above requires a supply air of 26,667 CFM. The HVAC system is floor by floor VAV air handling units with a two chiller primary secondary system, Optimal air works equally well with applied rooftop units or indoor vertical self-contained units. Table 1, HVAC system performance with optimal air system [7] 9 Table 1 shows the HVAC system performance as the supply air temperature, to the duct, is lowered. It is important to differentiate between supply air temperature off the cooling coil and supply air temperature into the duct. To accommodate the lower supply air temperature, the chilled water supply temperature (CWST) was gradually lowered, the air handling unit coils deepened to allow for closer approaches, and chiller performance was adjusted to deal will the increased lift. Because of their basic operating differences, DX rooftop and self-contained systems may have a different Optimal Air temperature than a chilled water system. When considering multiple system options, it is important to use Energy Analyzer for each in order to identify the best option. 5.4 Optimal Air Balance Point Reduced fan energy must be traded off against increased refrigeration energy. This trade off varies with the type of building, the type temperature control system, the type air conditioning system and geographic locale. Therefore, the optimal supply air temperature is different for every job. When only energy costs are a factor and no thermal storage is involved, this optimal supply air temperature generally falls in the 47Â °F -52Â °F range. It can be determined by comparing total system energy consumption with varying supply air temperatures using an energy analysis program. 5.5 Space Design Temperature and Related Comfort Temperature, humidity, air velocity and mean radiant temperature directly influence occupant comfort. Conventional designs are usually based on maintaining 75Â °F and 50% RH (Relative Humidity) in the occupied space. Figure 5 shows the ASHRAE comfort zone where 80% of the people engaged in light office work are satisfied. As the relative humidity is lowered, the space air temperature can be raised and still provide occupant comfort. The leaving air condition from the air handling unit is the primarily control of the relative humidity in the occupied space. The internal moisture gains from people, kitchens, etc, as well as infiltration also play a part. 10 Fig 5, Equivalent comfort chart [8] In most climates, the lower the supply air temperature, the lower the humidity ratio and the drier the space. Figure 5 shows sensible heat ratio lines for conventional, Optimal and low supply air temperatures. As the space relative humidity is lowered, the space temperature set-point rises from 74Â °F to 78Â °F. 5.6 ASHRAE Compliance The 1999 and 2001 version of ASHRAE Standard 90.1, Energy Standard for Buildings except Low Rise Residential Buildings [9], has mandatory requirements for refrigeration equipment and prescriptive requirements for fan work. The Standard recognizes that Optimal Air systems improve fan work significantly and provides credits to account for improved fan performance. In addition, refrigeration system performance is rated at conventional conditions or special tables are provided to account for non-standard operating conditions (as is the case with centrifugal chillers). In either case, ASHRAE Standard 90.1 does not penalize Optimal Air systems. 11 5.7 Design Considerations Design of refrigeration and air handling equipment for an Optimal Air system is similar to the design of a conventional air temperature system. Attention must be paid, however, to air distribution, controls and duct design. Conventional diffusers, when properly applied, will work with Optimal Air. Controls also require only minor changes from conventional systems. In particular, programming of economizer controls and supply air temperature reset. Finally, the ducting system must be sized for the reduced air volume to take full advantage of the potential capital savings. Duct insulation and sweating should also be reviewed to provide a trouble free system. Not every building type is a good candidate for Optimal Air. When air volumes are dictated by air turnover rates, such as some health care applications, Optimal Air offers no advantage. In fact, there would be increased reheat costs. Office buildings are a strong candidate for Optimal Air. They have high sensible heat ratios and typically less than 20% ventilation loads. Schools can also be a possibility. Generally speaking, as the percentage ventilation load increases, Optimal Air becomes less attractive. Location and climate also impact whether or not Optimal Air is a good candidate. Locations where weather provides significant economizer hours between 45 and 55Â °F will limit the savings. Ultimately, each project must be checked by performing the applicable specific calculations. The following should be considered: Load and Balance Point calculations, Space Temperature Set-point evaluation, Design Load Calculation, Primary and Secondary System Selection, Parallel, mixing or series VAV-Fan powered boxes, Perimeter Heating, Air Distribution, Diffusers (based on air flow and the throw distance calculation), Duct design (considering duct heat gain, sweating and insulation). 5.8 System Life-Cycle Analysis Evaluating different engineering solutions is always part of a good proposal. Optimal Air systems are no different. 12 In the case of Optimal Air, there may be no need to do any calculations because Optimal Air systems cost less to build (lower capital cost) and have the same operating cost as conventional systems (assuming the balance point was used for the design). Duct sizing will decrease almost linearly with reduction in air volume. The installed cost will not change linearly because of the labor portion. A 20% reduction in air volume can result in 80% savings of the 20% reduction or 16% overall savings in sheet metal cost. On the plus side, there are less pounds of steel and fewer man-hours to install it. On the minus side there is more insulation. Terminal boxes and diffusers will be a wash since there are fewer of them but the equipment cost will be higher than conventional equipment. HVAC equipment will cost about the same. This is conservative because the air handling equipment will cost less and refrigeration equipment will be slightly more. There is typically more capital invested in air handling than refrigeration. Building envelope should be the same for new construction. In the case of retrofit applications, it will depend on the quality of the existing building. The cost of space may also need to be evaluated. Not accounting for space savings is conservative. There will be space savings but they may be difficult to realize. If enough plenum height savings can be realized to add another floor within the same building envelope, then that rentable space should be accounted for. Simple payback calculations do not take into account the cost of money, taxes and depreciation, inflation, maintenance or increases in the cost of energy. A more complete analysis should include Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and net present value (NPV). In the HVAC industry, many projects fail simple back (they are in the 5-year range) while passing IRR (they offer a 25% rate of return). Software analysis tools can be used to perform both energy and life-cycle analysis that include simple payback, IRR and NPV. 13 6. Conclusion Building owners and designers faced with increased concerns for energy saving and environmental stewardship search for cost effective system options for their projects. The DDC, integrated with a high-performance low-energy HVAC system as the Optimal Air system can deliver both low first costs and reduced energy costs in a new construction and retrofit applications. This integrated system will not only meet the efficiency and sustainability of its performance at the desired set-parameters, but when designed with advanced selection tools, installed with the most advanced DDC/BMS system, and supported by trained operators, will achieve both energy saving and long term rebound effect (pay-back), maximum human thermal comfort, in addition, it allows building owners to compare predicted energy use to actual performance, this leads to a flexible budgeting, further future system adjustment and energy consumption cut-back. The whole integrated DDC/BMS HVAC system function will also contribute in the environmental impacts reduction. In todays challenging energy efficiency, building owners need proven system that delivers the necessary performance to meet their integrated environmental sustainability and business goals [10].